![]() ![]() The Gravel opinion began by reasoning that ecause the claim is that a Member’s aide shares the Member’s constitutional privilege, we consider first whether and to what extent Senator Gravel himself is exempt from process or inquiry by a grand jury investigating the commission of a crime. The Supreme Court rejected Senator Gravel’s effort to shield his aide and the publisher from testifying. Senator Gravel intervened to quash the subpoenas. A grand jury subsequently issued a subpoena for testimony from one of Senator Gravel’s aides and the private publisher. The Senator and his staff had also allegedly arranged for the study to be published by a private publisher. involvement in the Vietnam War-Senator Mike Gravel disclosed portions of the document at a subcommittee hearing and submitted the entire study into the record. After coming into possession of the Pentagon Papers-a classified Defense Department study addressing U.S. Gravel involved a Speech or Debate challenge to a grand jury investigation into the disclosure of classified documents by a Senator and his aides. Gravel also exemplifies that the Speech or Debate protections can extend to a Member’s personal aides. ![]() United States establishes that communications outside of the legislative process are generally not protected by the Clause. ![]() They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. ![]()
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